Where:
): Fluid flows in parallel layers. Critical for highly viscous fluids like heavy oils. Transitional Flow (
1f=-2log10(ε/D3.7+2.51Ref)the fraction with numerator 1 and denominator the square root of f end-root end-fraction equals negative 2 log base 10 of open paren the fraction with numerator epsilon / cap D and denominator 3.7 end-fraction plus the fraction with numerator 2.51 and denominator cap R e the square root of f end-root end-fraction close paren is the absolute roughness of the pipe material (e.g., for commercial steel). 2. Pipe Sizing Methodology Where: ): Fluid flows in parallel layers
Sizing a pipe involves selecting an internal diameter that balances capital cost (pipe material) against operating cost (pumping power losses). Velocity Limitations
Before sizing a pipe, you must understand how the fluid behaves inside it. Process piping hydraulics is governed by three core principles: conservation of mass, conservation of energy (Bernoulli’s equation), and the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Process piping hydraulics is governed by three core
After calculating ( t ), add:
[ Re = \frac\rho v D\mu = \fracv D\nu ]
For liquid piping systems, the optimal pipe diameter balances the cost of the pipe + installation against the lifetime cost of pumping. An empirical formula (Peters & Timmerhaus) gives a first estimate:
The engineer uses the continuity equation and rule-of-thumb velocities to select a trial pipe diameter. The diameter and flow rate determine the fluid velocity. conservation of energy (Bernoulli’s equation)