Naked Virus: [Genome] -> [Protein Capsid] Enveloped: [Genome] -> [Protein Capsid] -> [Lipid Envelope with Spikes] Core Viral Replication Cycle
Polysaccharide outer layers that inhibit phagocytosis (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae , Neisseria meningitidis ).
Enveloped RNA virus utilizing viral reverse transcriptase to integrate into the host CD4+ T-cell genome, leading to progressive immunodeficiency (AIDS). medical microbiology lecture notes ppt updated
Aspergillus fumigatus : Septate hyphae branching at 45-degree angles; causes invasive pulmonary disease.
| | 2025 Update | |--------|--------| | “H. pylori is only treated with triple therapy (PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin).” | Now quadruple therapy (bismuth, tetracycline, metronidazole, PPI) or rifabutin-based due to high clarithromycin resistance. | | “C. difficile treatment: metronidazole for mild-moderate.” | No longer first-line. Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin is preferred. | | *“HIV is treated with 3 drugs from 2 classes.” | Now often 2-drug regimens (DTG + 3TC, or CAB + RPV every 2 months). | | *“Meningococcal vaccine is only for high-risk.” | Routine for adolescents with booster at 16. Pentavalent (MenABCWY) now exists. | | *“Syphilis is rare.” | Dramatically rising since 2020 – congenital syphilis up 200% in some regions. | | *“Polio is eradicated.” | Only wild poliovirus type 2 eradicated. cVDPV outbreaks ongoing in multiple countries. | | *“All E. coli O157:H7 is severe.” | Now include newer STEC serotypes (O26, O111, O45). | | | 2025 Update | |--------|--------| | “H
covers the core principles of infectious diseases, pathogen identification, and clinical management. It is designed to be converted into a slide deck (PPT) for medical and healthcare students. 1. Introduction to Medical Microbiology Definition
Integration of large-scale data to understand complex microbial systems. difficile treatment: metronidazole for mild-moderate
Growing organisms on selective and differential media (e.g., MacConkey agar for Gram-negative enterics, Blood agar for hemolysis).