Initiated when the UE has data to send or receive while in idle mode, re-establishing the radio and S1 bearers. Ensures seamless connectivity as a UE moves between cells. Intra-frequency handovers occur when the UE stays on the same carrier layer. Tracking Area Update (TAU):

The MME contacts the S-GW/P-GW chain with a Delete Session Request . The gateways tear down the active default and dedicated bearers, returning the allocated IP address back into the pool.

The EPC is composed of several logical nodes, each with a distinct role in managing subscriber data and network traffic [1]. A. MME (Mobility Management Entity) The primary control plane node.

For a UE in an active call or data session, handovers ensure service continuity.

The MME selects an S-GW and P-GW, then sends a Create Session Request to the S-GW. The S-GW passes this to the P-GW.

The process where a user turns on their phone and connects to the LTE network.

Determines policy rules, such as QoS and charging, for a subscriber and instructs the PGW to enforce them. 3. Essential 4G LTE EPC Call Flows

: Uses the Diameter protocol for subscription management and authentication. The MME sends an Update Location Request to the HSS, which responds with the user's subscription data.